module: expose configureTypeScript()

[Rishikmanche]

This PR resolves issue #64518 by exposing the full Amaro loader API via node:module.

Specifically:

• Exposes module.configureTypeScript() through node:module
• Restores mode: 'transform' in module.stripTypeScriptTypes()
• Updates the compile cache to support kTransformedTypeScript and kTransformedTypeScriptWithSourceMaps
• Bypasses isUnderNodeModules check when nodeModules is enabled in configuration
• Dynamically registers the TypeScript formats in ESM extensionFormatMap

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/loaders
• @nodejs/startup
• @nodejs/test_runner

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 93.51852% with 7 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.25%. Comparing base (a27fe21) to head (8662c0d).
⚠️ Report is 10 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/modules/typescript.js	95.06%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/compile_cache.cc	33.33%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
lib/internal/process/execution.js	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #64556   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   90.24%   90.25%           
=======================================
  Files         739      739           
  Lines      241698   241774   +76     
  Branches    45556    45558    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits       218129   218210   +81     
- Misses      15103    15106    +3     
+ Partials     8466     8458    -8     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js	98.76% <100.00%> (+0.19%)	⬆️
lib/internal/main/eval_stdin.js	82.75% <100.00%> (+0.30%)	⬆️
lib/internal/main/eval_string.js	79.74% <100.00%> (+0.25%)	⬆️
lib/internal/main/worker_thread.js	94.37% <100.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️
lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js	98.14% <100.00%> (ø)
lib/internal/modules/esm/get_format.js	95.23% <100.00%> (+0.03%)	⬆️
lib/internal/modules/run_main.js	97.66% <100.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️
lib/internal/test_runner/utils.js	66.30% <100.00%> (+0.04%)	⬆️
lib/module.js	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/compile_cache.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
... and 3 more

... and 35 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.

[GeoffreyBooth]

I'm not sure this is a good idea. I think it would make it harder to release breaking changes in Amaro, and it would complicate configuring Node itself because now there's a runtime way to configure this subsystem in addition to the CLI flags and config file.