[CODE HEALTH] Fix clang-tidy bugprone-throwing-static-initialization warnings

[RaviTriv]

Fixes #4197

Changes

Addressing clang-tidy bugprone-throwing-static-initialization warnings

Fixes:

• Replaced const with constexpr for compile-time constants
• Replaced const std::string with constexpr const char *
• Used nostd::string_view for a non-owning view
• Converted shared objects to static local variables
• Moved option objects out of namespace scope into main() and passed by reference
• Moved class static member into function scope at use

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 70.27027% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 82.80%. Comparing base (4b58597) to head (64ac1a1).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
exporters/zipkin/src/recordable.cc	40.00%	9 Missing ⚠️
...ntelemetry/sdk/metrics/state/sync_metric_storage.h	66.67%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4206      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   82.82%   82.80%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         415      415              
  Lines       17431    17452      +21     
==========================================
+ Hits        14435    14449      +14     
- Misses       2996     3003       +7     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...pi/include/opentelemetry/baggage/baggage_context.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...ude/opentelemetry/common/key_value_iterable_view.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...pentelemetry/trace/span_context_kv_iterable_view.h	84.22% <ø> (ø)
exporters/prometheus/src/exporter_utils.cc	89.28% <100.00%> (+0.18%)	⬆️
...lemetry/ext/http/client/curl/http_operation_curl.h	90.91% <ø> (ø)
...entelemetry/sdk/metrics/state/attributes_hashmap.h	97.15% <100.00%> (+0.13%)	⬆️
sdk/include/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
sdk/src/metrics/instrument_metadata_validator.cc	100.00% <ø> (ø)
sdk/src/metrics/state/sync_metric_storage.cc	94.74% <100.00%> (ø)
sdk/src/trace/tracer.cc	87.50% <100.00%> (+0.16%)	⬆️
... and 2 more

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

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[dbarker]

Thanks for the PR! Please see some initial feedback below and take a pass at cleanup to use constexpr char [] where possible for literals and using the project's naming convention for new methods when needed.

[dbarker]

Thanks! Looks good with a few minor optional changes. Please resolve the conflicts. This PR needs a second review/approval of the API file changes.

[dbarker]

Assigning a value to the return value of the get accessor is a bit unexpected. Consider keeping the endpoint string as static global, creating a constexpr literal for the default value, and initialize the string in the main function.

[dbarker]

can this be a string_view?

[RaviTriv]

Thanks! Looks good with a few minor optional changes. Please resolve the conflicts. This PR needs a second review/approval of the API file changes.

Thank you!

Rebased and pushed a commit for the suggested changes.

@marcalff would you mind giving the second review when you have a chance :)